Litter processing and shredder distribution as indicators of riparian and catchment influences on ecological health of tropical streams

Abstract

Terrestrial plant litter is the main source of energy for food webs in forest headwater streams. Leaf litter quality often changes when native tree species are replaced by exotic ones and land use change in the watershed can alter physico-chemistry and functional composition of invertebrate communities, ultimately impairing associated ecosystem processes. We used the composition of invertebrate functional feeding groups (FFGs) and the ecosystem process of leaf breakdown as structural and functional indicators, respectively, of ecosystem health in upland Kenyan streams. During dry and wet conditions, invertebrates were sampled in 24 streams within forest (10), mixed (7) and agriculture (7) catchments. Five forest and five agriculture streams were subsequently used for leaf litter breakdown experiments using two native (Croton macrostachyus and Syzygium cordatum) and one exotic (Eucalyptus globulus) species differing in quality. Coarse- and fine-mesh litterbags were used to compare microbial (fine-mesh) with shredder + microbial (coarse-mesh) breakdown rates, and by extension, determine the role of shredders in litter processing in these streams. Seasonal influences on water quality were observed across catchment land uses. Total suspended sediments, turbidity and total dissolved nitrogen were consistently higher during the wet than dry season. However, seasonal influences on FFGs were inconsistent. Catchment land use influenced invertebrate functional composition: 21 taxa, including eight shredders, were restricted to forest streams, but abundance was a poor discriminator of disturbance. Breakdown rates were generally higher in coarse- compared with fine-mesh litterbags for the native leaf species and the relative differences in breakdown rates among leaf species remained unaltered in both agriculture and forest streams. Shredder and microbial breakdown of leaf litter displayed contrasting responses with shredders relatively more important at forest compared with agriculture streams. However, these patterns were inconsistent across leaf species over the dry and wet seasons. Overall, shredder mediated leaf litter breakdown was dependent on leaf species, and was highest for C. macrostachyus and lowest for E. globulus. This suggests that replacement of indigenous riparian vegetation with poorer quality Eucalyptus species has the potential to reduce nutrient cycling in streams, with foodwebs becoming more reliant on microbial processing of leaf litter, which cannot support diverse consumers and complex food webs.